Quills
Quills is a
2000 American-British-German period film directed by Philip Kaufman and adapted from the Obie award-winning
play by Doug Wright,
who also wrote the original screenplay. Inspired
by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade, Quills re-imagines the last years of the
Marquis' incarceration in the insane asylum at Charenton. It stars Geoffrey Rush as de Sade, Joaquin Phoenix as the Abbé du Coulmier, Michael Caine as Dr. Royer-Collard, and Kate Winslet as laundress Madeleine
"Maddie" LeClerc.
Well received by critics, Quills garnered numerous accolades for Rush,
including nominations for an Oscar, BAFTA and a Golden Globe.
The film was a modest art house success, averaging $27,709 per screen its debut
weekend, and eventually grossing $17,989,277 internationally. Cited by
historians as factually inaccurate, Quills filmmakers and writers said they were
not making a biography of de Sade, but exploring issues such as censorship, pornography, sex, art, mental illness,
and religion.
It was released with an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America and an 18 rating from the British Board of Film Classification due to "strong horror, violence,
sex, sexual violence, and nudity".
Oedipus Rex
Oedipus
Rex, also known by its
Greek title, Oedipus
Tyrannus , or Oedipus the King, is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles that was first performed around 429 BC.[1]Originally, to the ancient Greeks,
the title was simply Oedipus,
as it is referred to by Aristotle in the Poetics. It is thought to have been renamed Oedipus Tyrannus to distinguish it from Oedipus at Colonus.
In antiquity, the term “tyrant” referred to a ruler, but it did not necessarily
have a negative connotation.
Sophocles
Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first
plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with
those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote 120 plays during the
course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus.[3] For
almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the dramatic
competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious
festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in 30 competitions, won
18, and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won 14
competitions, and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won 5
competitions.
Electra
In Greek mythology, Electra was the daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra,
and thus princess of Argos. She and her brother Orestes plotted revenge against their mother
Clytemnestra and stepfather Aegisthus for the murder of their father, Agamemnon.
Electra is one of the most popular mythological characters in tragedies. She is the main character in two Greek
tragedies, Electra by Sophocles and Electra by Euripides.
She is also the central figure in plays by Aeschylus, Alfieri, Voltaire, Hofmannsthal, and Eugene O'Neill.
In psychology,
the Electra complex is named after her.
Electra (Sophocles’ play)
Electra or Elektra is a Greek tragedy by Sophocles.
Its date is not known, but various stylistic similarities with the Philoctetes (409 BCE) and the Oedipus at Colonus (401 BCE) lead scholars to suppose
that it was written towards the end of Sophocles' career.
Set in the city of Argos a few years after the Trojan war,
it recounts the tale of Electra and the vengeance that she and her
brother Orestes take on their mother Clytemnestra and step father Aegisthus for the murder of their father, Agamemnon.
Electra complex
In Neo-Freudian psychology,
the Electra complex, as
proposed by Carl Gustav Jung,
is a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for
possession of her father. In the course of her psychosexual development, the complex is
the girl's phallic stage;
formation of a discrete sexual identity, a boy's analogous experience is the Oedipus complex.
The Electra complex occurs in the third—phallic stage (ages 3–6)—of five psychosexual development stages: (i) the Oral,
(ii) the Anal,
(iii) the Phallic,
(iv) the Latent,
and (v) the Genital—in
which the source libido pleasure is in a different erogenous zone of the infant’s body.
In classical psychoanalytic theory, the child's identification
with the same-sex parent is the successful resolution of the Electra complex
and of the Oedipus complex;
his and her key psychological experience to developing a mature sexual role and identity. Sigmund Freud instead proposed that girls and boys
resolved their complexes differently—she
via penis envy,
he via castration anxiety; and that unsuccessful
resolutions might lead to neurosis and homosexuality. Hence, women and men who are fixated in
the Electra and Oedipal stages of their psychosexual development might be considered
"father-fixated" and "mother-fixated" as revealed when the
mate (sexual partner) resembles the father or the mother.
The School of Athens
The
School of Athens (Italian: Scuola di Atene) is one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian
Renaissance artist Raphael. It was painted between 1509 and 1511
as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The Stanza della
Segnatura was the first of the rooms to be decorated, and The School of Athens,
representing Philosophy, was probably the second painting to be finished there, after La
Disputa (Theology) on the opposite wall, and the Parnassus (Literature). The picture has long
been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the
classical spirit of the Renaissance".
Semele
Semele , in Greek mythology, daughter of the Boeotian hero Cadmus and Harmonia,
was the mortal mother of Dionysus by Zeus in one of his many origin myths.
Certain elements of the cult of Dionysus and Semele came from
the Phrygians. These
were modified, expanded and elaborated by the Ionian Greek invaders
and colonists. Herodotus, who gives the account of Cadmus,
estimates that Semele lived sixteen hundred years before his time, or around
2000 BCE. In Rome, the goddess Stimula was
identified as Semele.
Artemis
Artemis was one
of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities. Her Roman equivalent
is Diana. Some
scholars believe that the name,
and indeed the goddess herself, was originally pre-Greek. Homer refers to her as Artemis Agrotera, Potnia Theron: "Artemis of the
wildland, Mistress of Animals". The Arcadians believed
she was the daughter of Demeter.
In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described
as the daughter of Zeus and Leto,
and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and
protector of young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women; she often
was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows. The deer and the cypress were
sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the ancient role of Eileithyia in
aiding childbirth.
Midas
The most famous King
Midas is popularly remembered
in Greek mythology for his ability to turn everything he
touched into gold.
This came to be called the golden
touch, or the Midas touch. The Phrygian city Midaeum was presumably named after this Midas,
and this is probably also the Midas that according to Pausanias founded Ancyra. According
to Aristotle, legend held that Midas died of
starvation as a result of his "vain prayer" for the gold touch. The legends told about this Midas and
his father Gordias, credited with founding the Phrygian
capital city Gordium and
tying the Gordian Knot, indicate that they were believed
to have lived sometime in the 2nd millennium BC, well before the Trojan War. However, Homer does not mention Midas or Gordias, while instead mentioning two other Phrygian
kings, Mygdon and Otreus.
Another King Midas ruled Phrygia in the late 8th century BC, up
until the sacking of Gordium by the Cimmerians, when he is said to have committed
suicide. Most historians believe this Midas is the same person as the Mita, called king of the Mushki in
Assyrian texts, who warred with Assyria and
its Anatolian provinces during the same period.
A third Midas is said by Herodotus to
have been a member of the royal house of Phrygia and the grandfather of an Adrastus who
fled Phrygia after accidentally killing his brother and took asylum in Lydia during the reign of Croesus. Phrygia was by that time a Lydian
subject. Herodotus says that Croesus regarded the Phrygian royal house as
"friends" but does not mention whether the Phrygian royal house still
ruled as (vassal) kings of Phrygia.
Pilgrims
A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally one who has come from
afar) who is on a
journey to a holy place. Typically, this is a physical journey (often on foot) to
some place of special significance to the adherent of a particular religious
belief system. In the spiritual literature of Christianity, the concept of pilgrim and pilgrimage may refer
to the experience of life in the
world (considered as a period of exile) or to the inner path of the
spiritual aspirant from a state of wretchedness to a state of beatitude.
Pythia
The Pythia , commonly known as the Oracle of Delphi, was the name given to
the High Priestess of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi who also served as the oracle.
The name Pythia is derived from Pytho, which in myth
was the original name of Delphi. In etymology the Greeks derived this place name
from the verb, πύθειν (púthein) "to
rot", which refers to the sickly sweet smell of the decomposition of the
body of the monstrous Python after
he was slain by Apollo. Pythia
was the House of Snakes.
The Pythia was established in the 8th century BC, and was widely credited for her prophecies inspired by being filled by the spirit
of the god (or enthusiasmos),
in this case Apollo.
The Pythian priestess emerged pre-eminent by the end of 7th century BC and
would continue to be consulted until the 4th century AD. During this period the Delphic Oracle
was the most prestigious and authoritative oracle among the Greeks, and she was
without doubt the most powerful woman of the classical world. The oracle is one
of the best-documented religious institutions of the classical Greeks. Authors
who mention the oracle include Aeschylus, Aristotle, Clement of Alexandria, Diodorus, Diogenes, Euripides, Herodotus, Julian, Justin, Livy, Lucan, Nepos, Ovid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Plutarch, Sophocles, Strabo, Thucydides and Xenophon.
Oracle
In classical antiquity, an oracle was a person or agency considered to provide
wise and insightful counsel or prophetic predictions or precognition of the future, inspired by the gods. As such it is a form of divination.
Prophet
In religion, a prophet is an individual who has claimed to
have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and to speak for them, serving as an
intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the
supernatural entity to other people. The message that the prophet
conveys is called a prophecy, which transports —at least in Judaism— a message
beyond mere pagan soothsaying, augury, divination, or forecasting, and, most prominently in the neviim of the Tanakh, often comprises issues of social
justice.
Delphi
Delphi is
famous as the ancient sanctuary that grew rich as the seat of the oracle that
was consulted on important decisions throughout the ancient classical world.
Moreover, it was considered as the navel (or centre) of the world by the Greeks
as represented by the Omphalos.
It occupies an impressive site on the south-western slope of Mount Parnassus overlooking the coastal plain to the
south and the valley of Phocis.
It is now an extensive archaeological site and the modern town is nearby.
It is recognised by UNESCO as
a World Heritage Site in having had a phenomenal influence
in the Ancient world, as evidenced by the rich monuments built there by most of
the important ancient Greek city-states, demonstrating their fundamental Hellenic unity.
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